The Advantages of Web-Based Businesses for Entrepreneurs Essay

Starting and maintaining a successful business is the dream of all entrepreneurs. Todays advancements in technology have created refreshful opportunities for business owners to get closer to this dream. The Web has been the most effective tool in creating new opportunities for business owners. An entrepreneur should be more successful by starting, marketing, and operating a Web-based business.The first reason an entrepreneur should be more successful starting a Web-based business is because its simple and inexpensive to denounce up. Once an entrepreneur has the proper licensing and permits and creates a website, Business is can began operating. A Web-based business decreases start-up cost by not having to acquire a physical location. Obtaining funding to purchase or develop a physical location can be difficult and expensive. Banks are highly sensitive to risk and are much reluctant to lend money to businesses. The greater the risk a lender takes in making a loan, the higher the r ate of interest a lender requires (McHugh, J., McHugh, S., & Nickel, 2008).Another reason an entrepreneur s...

The Influence of British/Celtic Myths and Figures in Haydn Middletons Lie of the Land :: Middleton Lie of the Land Essays

The Influence of British/Celtic Myths and Figures in Haydn Middletons Lie of the reason The following is a list of explications pointing towards British and Celtic myths and figures. While pursuing the Celtic influences of Middletons novel, I found myself searching for the meaning of other present mysteries. This authors colour of two cultures creates a spectrum for possible explication. It seems that the Celtic material melds into British society throughout this novel. In search of specific markers I found myself concentrating mostly on Haydn Middletons use of names. Textual Explications 1. First of all it is necessary to encounter with the cover pictures inside of the novel which exhibit Blakes Dance of Albion or Glad Day. This art execution is important because Blake, in his literary work, personified Albion as a monster. Following the physical descriptions of David Nennius in the book, one grasps a mental picture of a large and gargantuan like man. An early description of hi m found on paginate 15 connects him to the image of Albion. (15) Im large arent I? he said as he came to rest. cardinal eight and a half in my stockinged feet. ( http//www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_a1.htm) 2. Next of course is the reference to Albion itself. Albion is visible through Blake but also through Davids story. On page 99, Emrys tells Nennius a story which confirms the name of Britain. Albion is described as the primal archetype of the Celtic world. This name is a symbol for all that flowed into creation of the unique and glorious wonder known as the Celtic spirit. - The Otherworld (Albion) did not have historical foundation, but the historical world (the Britons of old called their island Alba) had an Otherworldly foundation. ( http//www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_a1.htm) 3. Another important abide by is Brutus. Nennius speaks of Brutus conquests to Quinn on page 41. Brutus is said to have founded a second Troy- Troia Nova (Trinovantum) on the banks of the Thames where he defeated an army of giants and chained their leaders, Gog and Magog, to be his porters. Basically Brutus is the crude Abraham or Moses of the Britons as far as ancestry is concerned. It is also important to quote that Brutus is the great-grandson of Aeneas, who killed his dear father. 4. As long as I am examining names I must make a note on Nennius. On page 77 of the book, Mary Machin (Davids mother) buys a wedding ring and renames herself Mary Nennius after see about Historia Brittonum.The Influence of British/Celtic Myths and Figures in Haydn Middletons Lie of the solid ground Middleton Lie of the Land EssaysThe Influence of British/Celtic Myths and Figures in Haydn Middletons Lie of the Land The following is a list of explications pointing towards British and Celtic myths and figures. While pursuing the Celtic influences of Middletons novel, I found myself searching for the meaning of other present mysteries. This authors change state of two cultures cre ates a spectrum for possible explication. It seems that the Celtic material melds into British society throughout this novel. In search of specific markers I found myself concentrating mostly on Haydn Middletons use of names. Textual Explications 1. First of all it is necessary to work with the cover pictures inside of the novel which exhibit Blakes Dance of Albion or Glad Day. This art work is important because Blake, in his literary work, personified Albion as a giant. Following the physical descriptions of David Nennius in the book, one grasps a mental picture of a large and giant like man. An early description of him found on page 15 connects him to the image of Albion. (15) Im large arent I? he said as he came to rest. sextette eight and a half in my stockinged feet. ( http//www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_a1.htm) 2. Next of course is the reference to Albion itself. Albion is visible through Blake but also through Davids story. On page 99, Emrys tells Nennius a story whi ch confirms the name of Britain. Albion is described as the primal archetype of the Celtic world. This name is a symbol for all that flowed into creation of the unique and bright wonder known as the Celtic spirit. - The Otherworld (Albion) did not have historical foundation, but the historical world (the Britons of old called their island Alba) had an Otherworldly foundation. ( http//www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_a1.htm) 3. Another important quotation is Brutus. Nennius speaks of Brutus conquests to Quinn on page 41. Brutus is said to have founded a second Troy- Troia Nova (Trinovantum) on the banks of the Thames where he defeated an army of giants and chained their leaders, Gog and Magog, to be his porters. Basically Brutus is the crude Abraham or Moses of the Britons as far as ancestry is concerned. It is also important to quote that Brutus is the great-grandson of Aeneas, who killed his dear father. 4. As long as I am examining names I must make a note on Nennius. On pa ge 77 of the book, Mary Machin (Davids mother) buys a wedding ring and renames herself Mary Nennius after reading material about Historia Brittonum.

The Internet: An End to the Cultural and Historical Diversity of Style

IntroductionThe Internet is a fairly new tool and has been recently increasing in popularity. Where it was at once inconceivable that a new way to stay in touch could challenge the teleph i, the Internet has managed to do so. With the Internet, one can do nearly anything that one would want to do from keeping in touch with relatives, writing research papers, and watching ones bank account. Generally, everything done over the Internet is quick and effortless. Since the Internet is comparatively new, there have been relatively few scientific studies done on it. Therefore, the discussion of the Internet in this paper will be limited to own(prenominal) experiences and interpretations. This essay will describe a new name of quickness that has emerged as a result of the Internet. The style has been modified and tested by those on the Internet, creating a homogenous way of communicating which is ending the diversity in composition. In turn, the style has affected the Internet, making qui ckness a priority to go on the web. By looking at common uses of the Internet, it is app bent that a new kind of style based on instant gratification and devisal has emerged, which in turn has influenced the Internet.Communicating InstantaneouslyOne of the more prevalent services of the Internet is instant messaging, which has helped to shape a style of quickness. There are a plethora of messaging services to choose from, such as AOLs Instant Messenger, ICQ, and MSN Messenger. Instant messaging is exactly what it sounds like- messages are typed and sent instantly to some other person. This type of interaction has slowly been replacing the telephone as it allows people to stay in contact over long distances without having to pay a fee. Acco... ... style has also affected the Internet. The need for speed has evolved so that the success of services and other offerings for the Internet, such as connection speed, is highly important. The style of speed in the world of today will beco me increasingly accepted and used as more and more people join the Internet craze.Footnotes1. rim2. Beard3. Pastore4. Look at the Graph5. Beard Works Cited1. Beard, Marty. Hello, email, and soon good-bye Instant messaging becoming way to communicate. February 5, 2002 2002 Media Life. <http//medialifemagazine.com/news2002/feb02/feb04/2_tues/news4tuesday.html2. Gartner Advisory, Web Site Performance, June 2000.3. Pastore, Michael. E-Mail Continues ascendency of Net Apps. July 25, 2001. <http//cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/applications/article/0,1323,1301_808741,00.html

Themes Discussed in Joyce Oates Where Are You Going , Where Have You B

Where Are You Going , Where Have You Been by Joyce Oates It is well cognise that the most awkward and difficult time in ones life is adolescence. One is faced with the challenges of discovering who one is and what one wants out of life. One finds themselves thwart and confused in this particular stage. They are mid way between a bridge. They have left childhood but have not to that extent reached adulthood. They struggle to find some champion of being and individuality in the world. They are on a quest to find themselves, and in search of a path that will lead them to future happiness. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, is a short story written by Joyce Oates .In her short story Oates shows how easily unvaccinated one is in this stage of life. Oates shows in her story how the quest of finding ones self, gives one a false sense of knowledge. It is this false sense of knowledge and the search for self and identity that produces the tragic outcome of the character in side Oates story. The setting of Where Are You Going, Where have You Been, takes place in the late 60s early 70s. This is evident by the reference to Bobby King and the XYZ Sunday programming station which was mentioned within the story (p.122). The 1960s and early seventies marked the era of the womens movement. Economic shifts meant that more women worked outside the home, and Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, resulting in many political battles during the long ratification process. In 1973 the Supreme act ruled in Roe v. Wade that a womans right to privacy allowed for legal abortion. Woman know began to have voices. The world was drastically changing and it is within this drastically changing world that Oates introduces four main characters... ...ave You Been, As nothing more then a dream. However others view it as, feminist allegory which suggests that new-made women of today, like the generations that have come before them, are headed into sexual bondage. (Kor b). There is no depict to suggest that Connie is experiencing a dream. However there is evidence that suggest that Connie had an untimely death. watching this body and this head of long hair moving out into the sunlight where Arnold Friend waited.(p.135) Oates depicts in her story the important of self identity. Arnold Friend is not a symbolic representation of the devil as some critics believe him to be. Arnold Friend character is an representation of the challenges and test one faces in ones every day life. It is conquering these challenges and test , that instills in us knowledge, knowledge which brings us one step closer to finding ourselves.

braces Suck! :: essays research papers

" couplet Suck"One out of three children or teenagers will overhear to live, at star point,as a prisoner of their own dentist. Teenagers atomic number 18 faced with zit and acne warsduring the stages of puberty and braces add additional torture to this already goddamned time to both parent and child. A life with braces is far moreembarrassing, painful, and expensive than living with buck-teeth, gaps, oroverlapping teeth.Mental scars remain gigantic after cuts and bloody sores in the mouth havehealed. These metal-like plates come with a long list of insults and nicknames.All through school one can gestate to be called brace-face, Jaws and metal mouthjust to name a few. The orthodontically challenged are always the center ofelectricity and lip-locking jokes. The dentists office is also a source ofembarrassment. some offices are filled with other patients and operating roomsare easily accessible making it easy for others to watch the pain andembarrassment the patient has to goes through. If one should forget to brushtheir teeth before their visit, they will regrettably become immortal as thedoctor announces the left-over remains of a Turkey and Cheese get up stuckbetween the molars. Braces become a constant source of embarrassment.Braces are three to four years of physical torture beginning with thein truth first office visit. The applying of the brackets itself is long, tiresome,and uncomfortable. First, cold, flavored clay is shoved into the inside of themouth, forming a mold as it dries. Jagged metal squares (brackets) are chewing gumd tothe tooth, forcing hot, burning, glue to drip down the gums. Braces also causeeveryday aches and pains in the mouth. Metal wires, guiding teeth to a new shape,stab the inside of the mouth causing cuts and sores piece tearing the linings ofthe mouth each time a persons mouth opens. Rubber bands that are strung acrosseach of the brackets pull and stretch teeth until gums are painful and sore.Being born with impe rfect teeth can be painfultrust meBraces hurt parents wallets well after the metal and glue is scrapedand chiseled off. Payments while braces are being worn are unbelievable. Theaverage cost of braces today is around 10 thousand dollars.

braces Suck! :: essays research papers

"Braces Suck"One out of three children or teenagers will have to live, at one point,as a prisoner of their own dentist. Teenagers are faced with zit and acne warsduring the stages of puberty and duo add additional torture to this alreadyhellish time to both reboot and child. A life with braces is far moreembarrassing, painful, and expensive than living with buck-teeth, gaps, oroverlapping teeth.Mental scars remain long after cuts and bloody sores in the spill havehealed. These metal-like plates come with a long list of insults and nicknames.All through school one can expect to be called brace-face, Jaws and metal mouthjust to name a few. The orthodontically challenged are always the center ofelectricity and lip-locking jokes. The dentists office is also a source ofembarrassment. Most offices are filled with former(a) patients and operating roomsare easily accessible making it easy for others to watch the pain andembarrassment the patient has to goes through. If one should forget to brushtheir teeth before their visit, they will regrettably let immortal as thedoctor announces the left-over remains of a Turkey and Cheese sandwich stuckbetween the molars. Braces become a constant source of embarrassment.Braces are three to four years of physical torture beginning with thevery first office visit. The applying of the brackets itself is long, tiresome,and uncomfortable. First, cold, flavored body is shoved into the inside of themouth, forming a mold as it dries. Jagged metal squares (brackets) are glued tothe tooth, forcing hot, burning, glue to drip down the gums. Braces also cause familiar aches and pains in the mouth. Metal wires, guiding teeth to a new shape,stab the inside of the mouth causing cuts and sores while tearing the linings ofthe mouth individually time a persons mouth opens. Rubber bands that are strung acrosseach of the brackets pull and stretch teeth until gums are painful and sore.Being natural with imperfect teeth can be painfultru st meBraces hurt parents wallets well after the metal and glue is scrapedand chiseled off. Payments while braces are being worn are unbelievable. Theaverage cost of braces today is around 10 thousand dollars.

Huckleberry Finn Analysis Essay

Mark boths The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been regarded as one of the bigest refresheds in American regionalism. So numerous Americans have read it, and many have enjoyed it and many believe that it is worthy of the highest praise, and deserves to be included in the canon of Great American literature. As a piece of regionalist literature, the novel shines knocked out(p) amongst other novels. Twain vividly describes the Mississippi river and surrounding cranial orbit of Missouri with detail unrivaled.His characters dialogue accurately depicts the dialogue of the area, and their attitudes, especially towards African Americans, are in addition historically accurate. However, as Huck and Jim move farther south down the river, Twain loses touch with his style of writing. The regionalist aspect suddenly crumbles, and his plot line gets terribly unbelievable. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not deserving of inclusion in the canon of Great American literature. As Jane S miley said in her essay Say It Aint So, Huck, in that location is more to be learned about the American character from its canonization than through its canonization(Smiley 61).If Twain had kept the story line in his territory of familiarity the end may be different, but as his setting moves south, his writing moves right along with it. To clearly see how Twains writing deteriorates as the novel progresses one must compare quotes from when the novel is set in Missouri to when the novel is set farther south. Here is a quote from the beginning of the novel, describing the area around Jackson Island, but mostly it was big trees all about, and gloomy in there amongst them.There was freckled Boyer 2 freckled places on the set up where the light sifted down through the leaves, and the freckled places swapped about a little, showing there was a little breeze up there(Twain, 51). The way he describes nature in this distil shows his true talent. The personification of the ground and the light, giving it the human- uniform characteristics of freckles gives the passage a personal touch. His diction and prose make the ref feel want they are watching the golden beams of light dance before their eyes.This is why Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are recognized across America. However, in Chapter 31, when Jim ends up on the Phelps plantation, and the Phelps end up being Tom Sawyers family, and the Phelps mistake Huck for Tom and Tom for Sid, Twain is really pushing the believability of his novel, and from this excerpt we can see that the beauty of his prose is gone, as though hes lost touch with the regionalist touch that makes his writing great, Phelpss was one of these little one-horse cotton plantations, and they all look alike.A rail fence round a two-acre yard a stile made out of logs sawed off and up-ended in steps, like barrels of different length(Twain, 273) and on and on about the buildings of the plantation. There is nothing here that correc t remotely sounds like it came from someone who knows the area. Twain even says, and they all look alike in the passage.He really lost his essence and creativity. He wrote out of his sphere of knowledge, and his novel suffers for it. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a wonderful piece of literature. Twain captures the true essence of being a teenage boy on a big adventure on the lazy Mississippi river.However, the end of his novel switches settings from Missouri, to further south, on a plantation coincidentally owned by Tow Sawyers family, and the reader can clearly see that Twain was out of his element, and he lost the wonderful sense of regionalism that made his Boyer 3 his works, and his era, influential in American literature, in general because he wasnt writing about the region he knew, grew up in, and loved. This is why Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not deserving of inclusion into the great canon of American literature.

Electronic Voting Machine

International Journal of Information and electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, noprenominal) 2, March 2013 A Preview on micro get wordtroller Based Electronic choose Machine Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar radiation therapy, Member, IACSIT Abstract b both last(predicate)ot is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine its g everyplacenment. political relations around the adult male argon increasingly considering the replacement of traditional paper-based voter turnout schemes with electronic take dodges.Elections of Bangladesh are conducted most exclusively using electronic voting weapons developed over the past three years. In this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of a digital voting machine using a micro ascendence pro groundly. Again we in addition drug ab user embrasureray com localiseation schema of votes, correctet survey and cost analysis. Index TermsVoting system, atmega16l microcontroller, voting analysis, bail of EVM. I. INTRODUCTION Voting is a authoritative guile to reveal the opinion of a group on an issue that is under consideration. Based on the promise of greater e? iency, better scalability, prompt speed, lower cost, and more convenience, voting is soon shifting from manual paper-based processing to automate electronic-based processing. The term electronic voting characteristically depicts to the use of some electronic means in voting and ensure the security, reliability, guarantee and transferency1,2. no(prenominal) a day the wide range of application of voting include its use in reality student body elections, shareholder meetings, and the descending of legislation in parliament. Perhaps the most im airant, in? ential, publicised, and widespread use of voting is its use in national elections. Compared to its traditional paper-based attender surgical incision, electronic voting is considered to perk up m any(prenominal) greater potential bene? ts. These bene? ts inclu de better accuracy by eliminating the negative factor of man demerit, better coverage for remote fixtures, increased speed for tally computation, lower operational cost through automated means, and the convenience of voting from any location Whether or not electronic voting is a necessary replacement for the traditional paper-based method, it is irrefutable that the conduct of voting as been shifting to the use of electronic medium. To date, electronic infobases are apply to record voter information, calculators are used to count the votes and produce voting turn outs, mobile devices are used for voting in interactive television shows, and electronic voting machines have been used in some national elections. Generally, the term electronic voting refers to the de? nition, collection, and dissemination of peoples opinions with the help of some machinery that is more or less computer supported. Despite Manuscript received August 15, 2012 revised October 12, 2012.The authors are with the Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (e-mail emailprotected com, emailprotected edu. sg) the transition from traditional paper-based systems to electronic medium, the purpose and requirements for voting remain. Voting is a decision making mechanism in a consensus-based society and security is indeed an essential part of voting. The critical role in determining the outcome of an election, electronic voting systems should be designed and developed with the greatest care.However, a military issue of recent studies have shown that most of the electronic voting systems being used today are fatally defective 3, 4, 5 and that their quality does not scar the importance of the task that they are supposed to carry out. Flaws in current voting systems, which were discovered through testing and other analysis techniques, have excited a number of look for efforts to mitigate the problems in deployed voting systems. These efforts focused on ameliorating security primitives, such as the storage of votes 6, 7 and auditing 8, and on formally assessing and making procedures more legal 9, 10.Finally, the standards that set the functional and performance requirements against which the systems are developed, tested, and operated have often been found to be inadequate 11, 12, 13. Among the reasons for c one timern, critics include vague and broken security guidelines, insufficient documentation requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of commercial software. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for which the commandment is written in assembly language.Various code protection schemes specified by the manufacturer of the microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent or deliberate reading and reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election data contained in the EEPROM of the microcontroller can go acrossload into a central compu ter for tabulations. The security of data in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for separately data file created. This process makes it impossible for anyone to substitute wrong or deliberately altered data files at any negotiate stage between the capturing of voters intent by the machine and the final results tabulations.Prior to the election, all con? guration data is set up on the counting server. The con? guration is then transferred to the ballot-box server. Con? guration data include candidate names, pollarding station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are authenticated as per the traditional paper-based voting, and asked whether they attentiveness to vote electronically or use the traditional paper-based method. A voter choosing to use the traditional paper-based method proceeds by being accustomed a ballot paper, casting the vote on the ballot paper, and placing the ballot paper in a ballot-box.On the other hand, a barcode is chosen at random and is given to the voter choosing to use eVACS. Voter authorisation on the electronic voting cell computer is by 185 DOI 10. 7763/IJIEE. 2013. V3. 295 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 using the barcode. The electronic voting booth computer communicates the barcode to the ballot-box server for validation and to inform that the voting process is initiating. Upon validation of an invalid barcode, the ballot-box server returns an error message to the voting booth computer.Otherwise, the ballot-box server returns the equivalent of a ballot-paper containing the names of candidates to the voting booth computer. The voter may select the candidates in a finicky preference ordering, and breakart or complete their selection afterwards. The selection is displayed on the screen forcon? rmation, and the voter is allowed to change or con? rm their selection. The voting booth computer returns a warning giv en invalid selection or informal vote, however casting invalid or informal vote is allowed. The voter con? ms the selection by using the barcode, and both the vote and a log of key sequence weight-lifted are then communicated to the ballot-box server. The ballot-box server checks that the identical barcode is used to initiate the server counts the votes, and produces a voting result. II. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Fig. 1. Block diagram of digital voting system Fig 2. Circuit diagram of the digital voting system A. Circuit Description The high aim digital voting machine built with ATmega16 Micro controller. The Micro controller port D uses for liquid crystal display display and port C. (pin 22) uses for voting power or presiding officers button. The candided button input from air C. 1 C. 4 (pin 23 to 26 4 candided). The getup LED and buzzer uses Micro controller port C. 5 and C. 6. The liquid crystal display backlight alike connected to port C. 7 via a t ransistor. At the starting of voting the election commission offices setup the machine at the centre. Then power on the switch and sealed it that nobody can power off. The presiding officer identifies the original voter of that particular area and pushes the voting power button. The voting power LED glow then and pass off it until once press the candided buttons.The voter then goes to the orphic room where Voting unit placed and press button beside his candided symbol. Voter can watch mastery of voting by glowing impediment LED and beep indication. The presiding officer can as tumefy as hear beep die watch a confirmation LED. Same time the voting power goes down and nobody can vote again. Mainly when presiding officer press voting power button, Micro controller start scanning from pin 23 to pin 26. When get response from a specific pin, increase the counter one of that candided and stop scanning. So it is not possible to voting twice or more.All the counter result store at Mi cro controller EEPROM. When the voting is under process it will showed at display Voting under Process. At the end of voting we need to k instantaneously result. Then election commission or presiding officer presses the secret key (password). Now the Micro controller shows the result and supply the power to LCD backlight that it illuminated. If it needs to return voting process again one should press another secret key. There uses a transistor to operate buzzer and confirmation LED with proper current. There withal uses a voltage regulator (7805) to supply 5v continuously.Here uses a dry cell 9V battery as power reference. The power consumption of the system is very low (50mW150mW varying). After collected data and need erase recorded data from EEPROM well(p) broken the sealed on power button and power off the system. Now the system is pay back for next election. This measurement System includes the following components Voting unit Control Unit balk Unit Display Unit (LCD ) Power cut Unit B. Voting Unit Fig. 3. Output locomote diagram of the digital voting system Fig. 4. Voting 186 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013Fig. 5. Confirmation unit In this Voting unit we have been used five button switch and five 2. 2K? resister which connected to the five button switches. C. bell create A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices. These devices are create transducers converting electrical energy. As power is utilise this mechanical device will energize and by doing so interrupt the power source and the cycle carry on until the power is removed. The frequency of oscillation is strictly dependent on mechanical inertia.The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of wring variation or strain by the application of electric pote ntial across a piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event alike(p) to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other.This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The Red lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground. D. Light Emitting Diode (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other illume. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light ( fit to the energy of the photon) is find by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and coordinated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, 187 mproved robustness, smaller size, and speedy switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable turnout. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in par ticular brake lamps, turn signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in march on communications technology.Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances E. Controller Unit A control unit in general is a central part of the machinery that controls its operation, provided that a piece of machinery is complex and organized enough to contain any such unit. One domain in which the term is specifically used is the area of computer design. In this work Microcontroller ATMEGA 16L is used as the controller unit which controls the sensed signal.A bingle highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also in cludes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just mean that they are part of an embedded system that is, one part of a bigger device or system.F. Power Supply Unit Power supply is a very important part of electronic circuit this circuit requisite fixed +5 V supply so to fix this voltage we needed voltage regulator. In this work used 7805 Voltage regulator which output fixed +5 volt. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset magnitude that remains constant disregardless of changes to its input voltage or load figures. There are two types of voltage regulators linear and switching. A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or MOSFET) pass device (series or shunt) controlled by a high gain differential amplifier.It compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a constant output voltage. G. Display Unit Display device shown the result of the measuring instrument. A observer can see the result and observe the temperature of electrical machine. In this work we used a 216 character LCD (LM016L) display. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. H. Printed Circuit Board A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanicallyInternational Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive path instructions, labels or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed fit board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the implest commercially produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. ensnare descriptions of ATmaga16L Microcontroller VCC Digital supply voltage.GND Ground. Port B (PB7 PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal omit resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have stellate drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are outside(a)ly pulled low will source current if the pull-in resi stors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the measure is not running. Port B also serves the unctions of discordant special features of the ATmega16. Port C (PC7PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are immaterially pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16. Port D (PD7 PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected fo r each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.Port A (PA7 PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. AVCC Fig. 6. Printed circuit board (pcb) of this voting system I. Pin Configurations Discription Fig. 7. Pin configuration of Atmega16L microcontroller14 AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if 188 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 he ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass get through AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. III. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Flowchart of Program user. In both of the systems that we analyzed, we found major security vulnerabilities that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the voting process. Th e results of our study suggest that there is a need for a drastic change in the way in which electronic systems are designed, developed, and tested.Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to define novel testing approaches that take into account the peculiar information flow of these systems, as well as the combination of computer security mechanisms and physical procedures necessary to provide a high level of assurance. Electronic voting software is not insubordinate from security concerned. Here we describe Hack-a-vote, a simplified DRE voting system that we initially developed to demonstrate how easy it might be to insert a Trojan horse into a voting system.In case of a discrepancy, there either must be a language with the fresh random number. but without a mark of the voter or the alignment information on the ballot and on the receipt must differ. The proof consists either of a row containing the fresh random number but no mark without revealing which row this is o r the proof consists of the two differing alignment bar codes without showing the mark at all. After the publication of the receipts the situation is analogous to the paper based schemes above as the voter possesses a correct receipt as electronic evidence.In addition to using unforgivable receipts with a special paper one can assume a trusted printer containing a chip card this printer could have the chip card and print the signature to the receipt. Having two in dependent ways to proved receipt to be not a forgery is a big advantage. REFERENCES D. Balzarotti, G. Banks, M. Cova, V. Felmetsger, R. A. Kemmerer, W. Robertson, F. Valeur, and G. Vigna, An Experience in Testing the security system of Real-World Electronic Voting Systems, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. 4, 2010. 2 A. Villa? orita and K. Weldemariam, and R. Tiella, Development, Formal Veri? ation, and Evaluation of an E-Voting System with VVPAT, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Securi ty, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009. 3 Y. D. Wagner, M. Bishop, T. Baker, B. D. Medeiros, G. Tyson, M. Shamos, and M. Burmester, Software Review and Security Analysis of the ES I Votronic 8. 0. 1. 2 Voting Machine Firmware, Technical report, Security and Assurance in Information engineering Laboratory, 2007. 4 T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A. Rubin, and D. Wallach, Analysis of an Electronic Voting System, in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 27-40, 2004. 5 E. Proebstel, S. Riddle, F. Hsu, J.Cummins, F. Oakley, T. Stanionis, and M. Bishop, An Analysis of the Hart Intercivic DAU eSlate, in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2007. 6 D. Molnar, T. Kohno, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, Tamper-Evident, History Independent, Subliminal-Free Data Structures on PROM Storage-or-How to Store Ballots on a Voting Machine (Extended Abstract), in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 365-370, 2006. 7 J. Bethencourt, D. Boneh, and B. Waters, Cryptographic Methods for Sto ring Ballots on a Voting Machine, in Proc. of Network and Distributed System Security Symp, 2007. 8 S. Garera and A. Rubin, An Independent Audit Framework for Software Dependent Voting Systems, in Proc. of ACM conf. Computer and Comm. Security, pp. 256-265, 2007. 9 J. Hall, Improving the Security, Transparency and Efficiency of Californias 1 Percent Manual Tally Procedures, in Proc. of Usenix/ Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. 10 K. Weldemariam and A. Villafiorita, Modeling and Analysis of Procedural Security in (e) Voting The Trentinos Approach and Experiences, in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. 11 R.Hite, All Levels of Government are needed to Address Electronic Voting System Challenges, Technical report, GAO, 2007. 1 Fig. 8. Flowchart of course IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS This work contributed to three very basic research questions arising in the context of verifiable elections. First, we discussed the problem of keeping bal lot secrecy to a certain extent in the case of a corrupted lovesome machine or voting authority. Our contribution to this is an approach where all secret information is encapsulated in the voting machine. Second, we considered the attack of receipt thievery and manipulation of the corresponding votes.Here we proposed a novel approach of linking all receipts by a hash chain such that each single receipt guards the integrity of all receipts issued previously. Together with a display in the polling place this approach shortens the time window in which an adversary can perform the ballot stealing attack without almost zero risk. Third, we discussed in detail the possibility of contesting an election based on the evidence provided by the verifiable election scheme. We compared the situation for lotto Voting to the evidence provided by paper based schemes.We shortly sketched an approach to prove an error or a manipulation in the voting booth without violating ballot secrecy. However, t his was only a proof of concept and for a practical application the usability of this approach needs to be further improved. V. CONCLUSION As part of these exercises, we devised a testing methodology, developed new tools that are specifically tailored to the security analysis of these systems, and learned a number of lessons, all of which should be of use to other 189 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 12 M. Gondree, P. Wheeler, and D. D.Figueiredo, A Critique of the 2002 FEC VSPT E-Voting Standards, Technical report, Univ. of California, 2005. 13 R. Mercuri. Voting System Guidelines Comments. Online. Available http// www. wheresthepaper. org/VVSGComment. pdf, 2005. Online. Available 14 Atmel. http//www. atmel. com/Images/doc2466. pdf Mr. Diponkar Paul is currently working as Assistant Professor in the department of Electrical and Electronic engineering at World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. wub. edu. bd ). After passing his master peak from March 2008 he was serving as Assistant Professor, EEE at Bangladesh University upto July 2010.He is having qualifications B. Sc. Engg. , DISM (software engineering), M. Sc. Engg. His research interests are in the area of energy conversions, power system modeling and advanced control theories covering the application of IT. From 0ct 2004 to July 2006, he was working as Lecturer in department of computer science and engineering at Pundra University of science & technology, Bogra. In Singapore during his master dgree at Nanyang technological university, he was involved in financial service operation integrated to IT system administration jobs from Dec 2006 to February 2008.Mr. Sobuj Kumar Ray was born in 1987, Bogra, Bangladesh. Mr. Ray received his Bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh in April 2010. He is now Assistant Manager (Technical) in DESCO. Mr. Ray worked at Internal University of Business Agriculture and Technology in the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. iubat. edu) from 12th July 2010 to initiative October, 2012. He is enthusiastic on researcher on control system and Power System. 190Electronic Voting MachineProject Outline In general the EVM consists of two units that can be inter linked. A ballot unit, which a voter uses to exercise his vote. And the other, a control unit used by the polling officials. But the EVM prepared by us is totally automated. MCU is acting as the Polling Officer in this EVM. Ballot Unit It consists of a 162 LCD and IR LEDs. LCD displays the name of the post and candidate for which voting is going on IR LEDs are used as touch switches. For any occasion which you have to select, put your figure just above the option where it is being displayed on the LCD. Control UnitIt consists of a MCU and a 7 keys keypad. MCU stores the program, run it an d also stores the data given by voters. We have made keypad, which can be used to input the name of Posts and the Candidates. By using this we will not have to program the machine each time before any election. One can enter the name of posts and candidates just before the election. This can also prevent programming the EVM to favour any particular candidate. 1. 1 The Electronic Voting Mach ine An Electronic Marvel. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers, while making polling a lot more expedient.Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is 100 per cent meddle proof. And, at the end of the polling, just press a button and there you have the results. 1. 2Description Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being secured. It avoids any grade of malpractice and invalid votes.Also such kind of system becomes more economical as consequent expenditure incurred on manpower is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongsto his candidates. Voting machinesare the total combination ofmechanical,electromechanical, or electronic equipment (includingsoftware,firmware, and documentation required to program control, and supportequipment), that is used to define ballots to cast and count votes to report or display election results and to maintain and produce any audit trail information.The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to identify system components and versions of such components to test the system during its maturation and maintenance to maintain r ecords of system errors or defects to determine specific changes made after initial certification and to make available any materials to the voter (such as notices, instructions, forms, or paper ballots).Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast votes and further categorized by the location where the system tabulates the votes. Voting machines have different levels of usability, security,efficiency and accuracy. Certain systems may be more or less accessible to all voters, or not accessible to those voters with certain types of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the publics ability to oversee elections. SUMMARY Electronic voting machine has now replaced the traditional mechanism of voting due to several advantages like security, automatic counting etc.This project presents a way to develop an electronic voting machine which displays the count of votes on a 162 LCD interface. A user can get his/her vote register through a set of switches (one for each candidate). After every cast of vote, the subsequent count can be seen on LCD. The circuit uses AT89C51 microcontroller and the code for the project has been written in C. DESCRIPTION This LCD based electronic voting machine is designed for four candidates. The input part consists of a set of six tactile switches. The switches and 162 LCD are interfaced to microcontroller AT89C51 for various operations and displays.The provision of casting votes for the candidates has been provided through four of these switches. These switches are made active high and connected to pins 2-5 (P11 P14) of the controller. The remaining two switches (both active low) are to start and stop the voting procedure. They are connected to pins 1 and 6 (P10 and P15) respectively. The Init (start) switch initializes the voting system when pressed, while the Stop switch ends the voting and displays the poll results on LCD screen. For more details on working with LCD, refer LCD interfac ing with 8051.The data pins of the LCD (pins 7-14) are connected to the output port P2 of the microcontroller. The control pins (RS, R/W and EN) are connected to port P3 pins P30, P31 P36 respectively. Working The voting is started by pressing the Init switch after which the user is prompted to vote. The count of votes is stored in four different variables. As soon as the user votes for a candidate by pressing one of the switches, the value of the corresponding variable is increased by one. After this a Thank you message is displayed on LCD to acknowledge the registration of users vote.The message corset on the screen until the next user either presses the Init button to cast another vote or Stop switch is pressed get the poll results. When the stop button is pressed, the names of the candidates are displayed along with their vote counts. After some delay, the result is displayed which could be either declaration of the winner candidate or the candidates with a clash of their numb er of votes. PRESET A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to digest varying resistance in a circuit.The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at crusade and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor.Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance. AT89C51 MCAT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmels 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of tacky programmable and erasable read only retention (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and progr am to a maximum of 1000 times. In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i. e. , they can be used as both input and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups.When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/ preserve operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication.It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts. Pin DiagramPin Description Pin No Function Name 1 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins P1. 0 2 P1. 1 3 P1. 2 4 P1. 3 5 P1. 4 6 P1. 5 7 P1. 6 8 P1. 7 9 Reset pin Active high Reset 10 Input (receiver) for serial communication RxD 8 bit input/output port (P3) pins P3. 0 11 Output (transmitter) for serial communication TxD P3. 1 12 External interrupt 1 Int0 P3. 2 3 External interrupt 2 Int1 P3. 3 14 Timer1 external input T0 P3. 4 15 Timer2 external input T1 P3. 5 16 Write to external data memory Write P3. 6 17 submit from external data memory Read P3. 7 18 Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz) Crystal 2 19 Crystal 1 20 Ground (0V) Ground 21 8 bit input/output port (P2) pins/High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P2. 0/ A8 22 P2. 1/ A9 23 P2. 2/ A10 24 P2. 3/ A11 25 P2. 4/ A12 26 P2. 5/ A13 27 P2. 6/ A14 28 P2. 7/ A15 9 Program store enableRead from external program memory PSEN 30 Address Latch alter ALE Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog 31 External Access Enable Vcc for internal program executions EA Programming enable voltage 12V (during Flash programming) Vpp 32 8 bit input/output port (P0) pinsLow-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P0. 7/ AD7 33 P0. 6/ AD6 34 P0. 5/ AD5 35 P0. 4/ AD4 36 P0. 3/ AD3 37 P0. 2/ AD2 38 P0. 1/ AD1 39 P0. 0/ AD0 40 Supply voltage 5V (up to 6. V) Vcc LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 162 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven discussion sections and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being LCDs are economical easily programmable have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 162 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.In this LCD each character is displayed in 57 pixel matrix. This LCD has two r egisters, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.Pin DiagramPin Description Pin No Function Name 1 Ground (0V) Ground 2 Supply voltage 5V (4. 7V 5. 3V) Vcc 3 Contrast adjustment through a variable resistor VEE 4 Selects command register when low and data register when high Register Select 5 Low to write to the register High to read from the register Read/write 6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable 7 8-bit data pins DB0 8 DB1 9 DB2 10 DB3 11 DB4 12 DB5 13 DB6 14 DB7 15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+ 6 Backlight Ground (0V) Led- APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAG ES Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare association, panchayat level election and other society level elections. It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting. It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation. It could be used at places where there is no electricity as the thing is operational with the help of a simple 5 volt battery.It could well become a fine example of using environment friendly resources as there is no need for having lakhs of ballot papers as was used in older system of voting. It involves very less time for a voter to actually cast its vote unlike conventional method where it becomes very cumbersome to handle ballot papers. It is more fast and reliable. FUTURE SCOPE issue forth of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller or an 8255 IC. It could be interfaced wit h printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly from the machine itself.It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers. Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result available any box seat of the world in a matter of seconds In days of using nonpolluting and environment friendly resources of energy,it could pose a very good example.REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY 1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND engraft SYSTEM 2. K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER 3. Millman & Halkias. INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS. 4. http//www. wikipedia. com 5. http//www. 8051microcontrollerprojects. com 6. www. datasheet4u. com 7. www. rickeya? sworld. com Reference http//sem inarprojects. com/Thread-electronic-voting-machine-project-full-reportixzz2RD8Xd1cO

Final †Project and Program Risk Management Essay

This type of perplexity may take on an informal or formal approach, but jeopardy management is essential for every project. jeopardize Management is not a well accepted standard practice since it points out negative aspects of projects, and there are numerous inhibitions that restrain the dynamics of risk management. According to the Wikipedia, a free web-based encyclopedia, the Project Management Institute (PMI) is a non-profit professional organization with the purpose of advancing the state-of-the-art of project management. The company is a professional association for the project management profession.The PMI sets standards, conducts research, and provides education and professional exchange opportunities designed to strengthen and further establish professionalism. The Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI() has established a six-step set of processes and practices for the risk management process as documented below 1. gamble Management Planning project risk infrastructure is established and a project-specific risk management plan is generated. 2. Risk Identification events with potentially positive and negative impacts are clearly described. 3.Risk Qualifications risks are evaluated according to nonnumeric assessment protocols. 4. Risk Quantifications risks are evaluated according to numeric assessment protocols. 5. Risk Response Planning strategies to deal with or precluded risks are evaluated and communicated. 6. Risk Monitoring and control risk management and solution plans are put into action. b) Why do professionals mandate Risk Management? Professionals mandate Risk Management in organizations since risk sometimes becomes a secondary thing. This secondary issue occurs since the hope that Project Managers volition be able to handle issues and problems as they occur.Since risk remains a secondary issue until an organizations luck runs out or a profitable opportunity is missed, professionals take a more proactive approach to risk recognition and mitigation by applying Risk Management Process and Practices. Based on statistical teaching, unfavorable risk events eventually occur in good projects without a way to identify and lower risk. The Project Manager suffers the repercussions of such type of failure therefore, professionals mandate Risk Management and support its practices in effort to mitigate risk. . Explain the Delphi Technique and steps for effective application. a) Explain the Delphi Technique. When expert interview techniques are not an option, the Delphi Technique provides an alternate means for extracting information from subject upshot experts (SMEs) without pressuring or forcing them to provide much needed information. Many SMEs prefer not to participate in data-gathering processes therefore, the project manager (facilitator) applies the Delphi technique to collect information instantly from the SMEs without infringing on their schedules.This technique allows the facilitator with directed follow-up cap ability from experts after peers have been consulted so the highest quality of information is extracted from the experts. b) Steps for Effective Application. To obtain effective information from the Delphi Technique, the Project Manager must posses the ability to generate the original questions to present to the experts and to clarify the information from the experts as it is received.The following six (6) major steps will increase the chances of a successful technique application 1) Identify experts and ensure their participation 2) Create the Delphi instrument 3) Have the experts respond on the instrument 4) come off and restate the responses 5) Gather the experts opinions and repeat 6) Distribute and apply the data The Delphi technique is a time-consuming process, but this technique is promising in extracting information from experts who power not otherwise contribute to a projects body of knowledge. 3.Explain the Crawford Slip Method (CSM). The Crawford Slip Method (CSM) is a c lassic nib used to combat the negativism inherent in team members while attempting to identify risk and risk information-gathering for a particular product or process. CSM offers a variety of advantages over other information-gathering techniques, in particular, the ability to aggregate large volumes of information in a very short time period and the shade avoidance of groupthink. CSM is not the hardest risk management technique to apply when properly facilitated.A clearly established question is defined by the facilitator and provided to all suffice participants. The participants then document their response to the clearly established question on a slip of paper. Providing the same clearly established question to the participants again, they document their response to the question on a slip of paper again. This process is repeated ten (10) times using the same clearly established question to fracture extract all of the unknown information available from the participants involve d in the product or process.The initial slips of paper are usually very confusable in content however, as the process repeats itself, the later slips of paper tend to generate identification of issues and risks that could have been overlooked without repetition. The strength of Crawford Slip Method is efficiency. 4. watch SWOT Analysis and their selection criteria. a) Define SWOT Analysis. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis Technique is a directed risk analysis that identifies risks and opportunities within a higher-level organizational consideration rather than a projects narrow vacuum.

The Educational Value of Play as Work and Work as Play

IntroductionArguably piddle a direction performs a vital historic role in the education and personal sufferment of the squirt which can be incorporated within a wider educational framework both on its own as a claw- conduct activity and as come apart of a curriculum. knead helps a child to develop social skills as well as their imagination, row skills, capacity for problem solving and motor skills. Play stirs a childs capacity for creativity, which is a vital skill in later adult life.Play is best appreciated when it allows the child to interact with the wider world through a free exploration of the objects and phenomena they encounter which is completely in line with their natural tendency to want to explore the world. Play in any case allows for a process of socialization whereby the child can develop their emotional converseion and business leader to empathize with other children through helping and sharing activities.The Italian educationalist Maria Montessori argued that a child led form of play is crucial and helps the individual to develop by organizing bewilders through an tiement of the body and mind. This led Montessori to declare that play is the work of the child. In line with this approach, it will here be argued that play is vital to a childs educational development. At the same time, in line with the eyfs curriculum, it is arguably beneficial if play is monitored so as to allow for an element of progression in the childs learning activity. Though, arguably, this should not completely replace the childs tendency to play freely without aim, which is a valuable experience. In my own childhood experience the ability to play without aim alone or with others was crucial to my creative learning as well as helping me to create social skills.Tina Bruce, power of Early Childhood Education (2004) argues that Children learn best when they are given appropriate responsibility, allowed to make errors, decisions and choices, and respected as auto nomous learners, (Bruce, Learning Through Play, 7). Bruce continues to feel out that relationships are central to a childs ability to play and learn effectively. Therefore it will be ultimately concluded here that the adults who contrive important roles in a childs life are required to secure a stable and happy environment for the child to play, whilst monitor that play to ensure a progression in the childs development. It will also be argued that play and work are ambiguous categories which in line with Montessoris thought should be allowed to everyplacelap. BodyPlay has several identifiable purposes which help children to develop into individuals capable of interacting within a wider social community. Firstly, it helps to enhance rational thought processes, developing the ability to formulate abstract concepts, making sense of the world of objects and developing problem solving skills. Through play children develop the ability to make decisions based on an increasing awarene ss of their physical environment. It is important to recall at this stage that, as Bruce argues Subjects such as math and art cannot be separated young children learn in an integrated way and not in neat, tidy compartments, (Bruce, Learning Through Play, 7).Play also helps children to develop coordination skills by using the muscles necessary to perform simple everyday activities. These motor skills can be enhanced through grabbing, pushing and holding objects in everyday play and include gross motor skills and fine motor skills, including hand-to-eye coordination. Random play is important in this process, though so is sport vie to rules, which also helps to build team skills which are vital for social education.Language and communication skills are also enhanced through play, whether through direct interaction with word cards or through talking and negotiating during organized or free role play. Similarly, emotional skills are developed through play as the child learns how to in teract with others and to compromise in sharing and waiting their turn. By interacting with other children around objects important lessons are learned about fair deportment around limited resources. As children interact with their environment and with other children and adults they develop the seeds of personality, learning self-confidence, independence and ways of creative expression.Play is often divided into categories, with apiece category being thought to be better at developing specific aspects of the young childs personality and physical capacity. As Dr. David Whitbread argues in a study conducted to assess the value of childrens play, five categories are often identified physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, pretence/ socio-dramatic play and games with rules (Whitbread, 18). So while physical play will be ideal for developing motor skills, symbolic play will be ideal for developing language and imagination skills. However, there is also a strong crossover betwe en different fictitious characters of play and to re hard-and-fast or categorize them purely might interfere with the childs creativity. For example, symbolic play (using symbolic codes such as spoken language, reading and writing, number etc) may interact with physical play to give way a kind of dance routine. The risk of very structured play is that these slippages between different types of learning will arguably not have the ability to emerge, and it is therefore of great importance that the level of monitoring allowed for under the eyfs curriculum does not interfere with the natural inclinations of the young learner to discover for themselves. Here it is important to note the great crossover between play and work and the way in which a childs natural tendency to make play become work and vice versa should not be hampered.To highlight this it is worth considering the way in which Montessori noted that children often gravitated to educational word play over playing with to ys, drawing some interesting conclusions. In The Secret of Childhood she observed Though the school contained some really wonderful toys, the children never chose them. This impress me so much that I myself intervened, to show them how to use such toys The children showed interest for a time, but then went away, and they never made such toys the objects of their spontaneous choice. And so I understood that in a childs life play is perhaps something inferior, to which he has recourse for want of something better (Montessori, 128)Whilst this has been taken as indicating that Montessori felt children should work and not play, what is arguably intended, rather, is that children when left to their own devices will make work of play and play of work. In this sense Montessori felt that children engage in play goodly with the intent of interpreting the world via its objects. Children ultimately play in order to become adults, so play for them is a type of work. Yet similarly, work in i ts absolute necessity for the childs own development is a type of play in that it is something they wholeheartedly and joyfully want to interact in.In light of this it is important that the child is permitted to choose their own play which to them is something serious and is, further, allowed to make their own mistakes so that they can effect themselves for adult work, learning that mistakes can lead to new pathways. In this moment of childhood, where provided the child has a safe environment mistakes are rarely detrimental to the item at hand (i.e learning), much can be earned without risk. As such, a strong ability to manage uncertainties and disappointments can be fostered. Allowing a child to slip from one activity to another is also crucial as it allows a child to freely express themselves and show who they are and who they want to become.In his famous TED talk, the educator Sir Ken Robinson spoke of the case of a dancer called Gillian, who at school was referred with h er mother to a doctor because she couldnt concentrate in class. After talking with Gillian and her mother for twenty minutes, the Doctor asked Gillians mother to step outside the room. Before stepping outside he turned the radio on and then, with Gillians mother, watched Gillian inside the room, who began to dance. The doctor then said, Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isnt sick shes a dancer. Take her to a dance school, (School Kills Creativity, 2006). What this tells us is that if students are strictly required to engage in on or other activity at a time and are punished for straying outside the strict confines of a learning or playing activity they be wrongly categorized as disruptive when, in reality, they merely wish to express their true aptitude for a specific field of work.ConclusionAs has been argued, play is essential to education and children should be allowed to play freely with a token(prenominal) amount of monitoring in order to ensure that this play leads to a progression in lear ning, in line with the findings of Bruce. It must also be note, in line with Montessoris findings, that there is a big slippage between play and work and that children should be allowed to flow from different types of play and from playful work to serious play and vice-versa. As such the free movement of the childs imaginative impulses should be encouraged as part of the efs with a wide version being given to the role of progression through play based learning activities, so that maximum freedom can be allowed for. In this way the child can be allowed to develop according to their own specific needs and modes of expression.BibliographyBruce, T. 2011. Early Childhood Development. Hodder EducationBruce, T. Learning Through Play, last accessed seventh celestial latitude 2014, http//www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/learning_through_play_ey.pdfMontessori, M. 1978. The Secret of Childhood. Orient Longman, HyderabadSchools Kill Creativity, last accessed 8th December 2014, htt p//www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity/transcript?language=ent-993000Whitbread, D. The Importance of Play, last accessed 7th December 2014, http//www.importanceofplay.eu/IMG/pdf/dr_david_whitebread_-_the_importance_of_play.pdf

Cost of Goods Checkpoint Essay

A multi-step income statement for a trading lineage highlights the fact that surrounded by 40% and 60% of revenue from sales is accounted for as the cost of goods sold. The cost of goods attributed to a companys products is expensed as the company sells these goods. there are several(prenominal) ways to calculate COGS but one of the more basic ways is to start with the beginning blood line for the period and add the total amount of purchases make during the period then deducting the ending muniment.(According to Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso), cost of goods sold is found by taking the cost of goods available for sale (beginning merchandise inventory + net purchase), less(prenominal) the ending merchandise inventory (p. 244). In a wholesale or retail trading business, merchandise held for resale in the normal course of business is the largest summation owned by the organization. For this reason it is vital that accurate up-to-date records be maintained when goods are acquired and inventories taken. Finished goods and or merchandise makes up cost of goods sold.There are two classifications of inventory merchandiser or manufacturer. In a merchandiser company inventory consists of many items all different. Whereas, a manufacturer, some inventory may not be ready (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 282). Examples of items that make up cost of goods include produce, clothing, electronics, items that can be resold from manufacture to a company to the customer. This means when the business acquires a finished product, the cost of the product goes into an inventory asset account.The customer will then purchase the product, finished good, the business transfers the cost of the product from the inventory asset account to the cost of goods sold expense account because the product is no longer in the businesss inventory (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, p. 282). References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accountancy Tools for business decision m aking (6th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Kitchen Layout

After gaining enough experience and capital from my previous eatery employment, I have decided to start my own restaurant offering Authentic Italian dishes.Stated below are the highlights of my idyllic Italian restaurant.My restaurant shall have six large tabular arrays complete with basic table amenities such as pepper, salt and a variety of well-picked sauces. Tables will be large due to the prominence of Italian food and culture for socialise families or large groups. Another quadruplet small tables however will be added for small companies or pairs. In compliment to this, the interior shall be well-ventilated and equally lighted for maximum space utilization.For my restaurants menu, I shall adapt the menu of the Via Carducci because they give special importance to pasta dishes, which are the marker s of Italian food. Their menu, including wine choices are offered at very affordable yet reasonable prices, but not sacrificing the quality and the over-all effect of the products . Their detail cuisine is the unsophisticated Southern Italian which originated from the owners home town, Calabria. Their type of cuisine specializes in organic and fresh ingredients perfect for medium to heavy diets.My Kitchen shall adapt the rotate G-shaped layout. This consists of four walls, two pair of walls opposite each other the, the sink, the refrigerator and the cooktop are located at one of the pairs such that creating an imaginary work trigon with the three as points. This layout enhances the use of the three basic elements of the kitchen mentioned above. It also gives ample space for other cooking equipments to be located at the other pair of walls.The cleverness of the layout allows for even-trafficking in the work triangle. The said layout also makes room for one or two additional cooks for more efficient service. The kitchen shall be open for the customers to resume the brilliance of the cook(s). To add, a large over head mirror shall be ingeniously placed also for maximized viewing.I have only three specific kitchen equipments to mention (1) the World CuisinesLillo pasta machine able to produce different kinds of pasta from any type of flour, with or without the use of eggs. The product comes with four durable pasta attachments for Spaghetti, Tagliatelle, Penne, and Macaroni. The item is ideal for fast-paced kitchens with just enough working space. The lillo pasta machine is also recommended for Italian kitchens serving quality pasta. (2) The Silex credit line of Knives.Qualities include purity of metal achieved through the secondary melting process it underwent, unique hardness provided by the strength of the material used, the fineness and precision comparable to a surgical scalpel, special resistance to corrosion, easy to sharpen blades given by the hardness and purity, and the extraordinary length of time it remains sharp. Its handle is designed for comfort in working for long periods of time. It also has a polymer-based handle whi ch is anti-bacterial.This line of cutlery provides proficiency in the work place due to its efficiency, speciality and cleanliness in the workplace. This is ideal for busy restaurant kitchens which specialize in salads and fresh sauces. The next item (3) would be the World Cuisines Large prolate cast-iron grill. This product is ideal for indoor-grilling. The heavy ridged cast iron surface preserves heat which equally and quickly grills. The item is suggested for class bon vivant meals.Other kitchen equipments which were not mentioned will also be hand-picked with care. Costs shall also be given much attention.The above mentioned factors and elements were cautiously selected taking into consideration the availability, efficiency, financial cost, and over-all quality. This, for me, is the ideal kitchen layout together with the visualization of the ideal Italian restaurant.ReferencesAtlanta Home improvement, Kitchen Layouts, August 8 2007From http//www.homeimprovementmag.com/Articl es/2004/04Dec_k&b_layouts.html

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 25

Part IIIHuntersChapter 25All Dressed UpTommy stormed around the loft collecting beer open fires and eat plates and carrying them to the kitchen. Bitch he give tongue to to Peary. Shark-faced bitch. Its not corresponding I have any experience at this. Its not handle t presents Cosmo articles on how to take reverence of a vampire. Bloodsucking, day-sleeping, turtle-hating, creepy-crawling, no-toilet-paper-buying, inconsiderate bitchHe slammed an armload of dishes into the sink. I didnt ask for this. A few friends come over for breakfast and she goes bat-s acquire. Did I make a flimflam when her mother came over with no notice? Did I say a word when she brought a dead guy home and shoved him under the bed? No offense, Peary. Do I complain ab come on her weird arcminutes? Her eating habits? No, I havent said a word.Its not like I came to the City saying, Oh, I cant restrain to find a char whose only joy in life is sucking forth my bodily fluids. Okay, well, maybe I did, unles s I didnt lowly this.Tommy tied up a trash bag full of beer cans and threw it in the corner. The crash reverberated through his head, reminding him of his hangover. He cradled his throbbing temples and went to the bathroom, where he heaved until he thought his put up would turn inside out. He pushed himself up from the bowl and wiped his eyes. Two snapping turtles regarded him from the tub.What are you guys looking for at?Scotts jaw dropped open and he hissed. Zelda ducked under the foot of afoul(ip) water and swam against the corner of the tub.I need a shower. You guys are going to have to roam around for a while.Tommy found a towel and wrestled the turtles out of the tub, then stepped in and ran the shower until the water went cold. As he dressed he watched Scott and Zelda wandering around the bedroom, bumping into walls, then bindinging up and slumping off until they hit another wall.You guys are miserable here, arent you? No one appreciates you? Well, it doesnt look like Jo dys going to use you. Whoever heard of a vampire with a weak concentrate? Theres no reason for all of us to be miserable.Tommy had been employ the milk incases hed carried Scott and Zelda in as laundry baskets. He dumped the dirty laundry on the alkali and lined the crates with damp towels. Lets go, guys. Were going to the park.He put Scott in a crate and carried him down the steps to the sidewalk. Then went subscribe up for Zelda and called a cab. When he re turned to the street, one of the biker/sculptors was standing outside of the foundry, blotting sweat out of his beard with a bandanna.You operate upstairs, right? The sculptor was about thirty-five, long-hai rosy-cheeked and bearded, wearing grimy jeans and a denim vest with no shirt. His beer belly protruded from the vest and hung over his belt like a great hairy bag of pudding.Yeah, Im Tom Flood. Tommy set the crate on the sidewalk and offered his hand. The sculptor clamped down on it until Tommy winced with pain.Im Fr ank. My partners Monk. Hes inside.Monk?Short for Monkey. We work in expression.Tommy massaged his crushed hand. I dont turn back it.Balls on a brass monkey.Oh, Tommy said, nodding as if he unders excessivelyd.Whats with the turtles? Frank asked.Pets, Tommy said. Theyre getting too big for our place, so Im going to take a cab over to Golden inlet Park and let them go in the pond.That why your old lady left all pissed off?Yeah, she doesnt want them in the house anymore. have it forward women, Frank said in sympathy. My last old lady was always on me about keeping my scooter in the living room. I unflurried have the scooter.Obviously, in Franks eyes, Tommy should be carrying Jody out in a crate. Frank thought he was a wimp. No big deal, Tommy said with a shrug, they were hers. I dont really care.I could use a couple of turtles, if you want to save cab fare.Really? Tommy hadnt relished the idea of loading the crates into a cab anyway. You wouldnt eat them, would you? I mean, I dont care, but No fucking way, man.A blue cab geted up and stopped. Tommy signaled to the driver, then turned back to Frank. Ive been feeding them hamburger.Cool, Frank said. Im on it.I have to go. Tommy opened the cab door and looked back at Frank. Can I visit them?Anymagazine, Frank said. Later. He bent and picked up the crate containing Zelda.Tommy got in the cab. Marina Safeway, he said. He would be a couple of hours early for work, but he didnt want to stay at the loft and risk another flyer if Jody returned. He could kill the time determineing or somewhatthing.As the cab pulled away he looked out the back window and watched Frank carrying the second crate inside. Tommy felt as if he had well(p) abandoned his children.Jody thought, I guess not everything changed when I changed. Without realizing how she got there, Jody found herself at Macys in Union Square. It was as if some instinctual navigator, activated by conflict with men, had guided her there. A dozen times in the pa st she had found herself here, arriving with a purse full of tear-smeared Kleenex and a fistful of credit cards tilted toward their limit. It was a common, and very human, response. She spotted other women doing the same thing flipping through racks, testing fabrics, checking prices, fighting back tears and anger, and truly believing salespeople who told them that they looked stunning.Jody wondered if department stores knew what percentage of their profits came from domestic unrest. As she passed a display of indecently expensive cosmetics, she spotted a sign that read patchwork Youth Cream Because hell never understand why youre worth it. Yep, they knew. The righteous and the wronged shall find solace in a sale at Macys.It was two weeks until Christmas and the stores in Union Square were staying open late into the evening. Tinsel and lights were festooned across every aisle, and every item not marked for sale was decorated with fake evergreen, red and green ribbon, and variou s plastic approximations of snow. Droves of package-laden shoppers trudged through the aisles like the chorus line of the cheerful, sleigh-bell version of the Bataan Death March, ever careful to keep moving lest some ambitious window dresser mistake them for mannequins and spray them down with aerosol snow.Jody watched the heat trails of the lights, breathed deep the aroma of fudge and candy and a thousand mingled colognes and deodorants, listened to the zoom of the motors that animated electric elves and reindeer under the cloak of Muzak-mellowed Christmas carols and she liked it.Christmas is better as a vampire, she thought.The crowds used to bother her, but now they wait onmed like like cattle harmless and unaware. To her predator side, even the women wearing fur, who used to grate on her nerves, seemed not only harmless, but even enlightened in this heightened animal(prenominal) world.Id like to roll naked on mink, she thought. She frowned to herself. Not with Tommy, thou gh. Not for a while, anyway.She found herself scanning the crowds, looking for the dark aura that betrayed the dying-prey then caught herself and shivered. She looked over their heads, like an elevator rider avoiding eye contact, and the gleam of dour caught her eye.It was a cocktail dress, minimally displayed on an emaciated Venus de Milo mannequin in a Santa hat. The LBD, smallish Black Dress the fashion equivalent of nuclear weapons public lingerie effective not because of what it was, but what it wasnt. You had to have the legs and the body to wear an LBD. Jody did. But you besides had to have the confidence, and that shed never been able to muster. Jody looked down at her jeans and sweatshirt, then at the dress, then at her tennis shoes. She pushed her way through the crowd to the dress.A rotund, tastefully dressed saleswoman approached Jody from behind. May I help you?Jodys gaze was trained on the dress as if it were the Star of Bethlehem and she was overstocked with fr ankincense and myrrh. I need to see that dress in a leash.Very good, the woman said. Ill bring you a five and a seven as well.Jody looked at the woman for the first time and saw the woman looking at her sweatshirt as if it would sprout tentacles and strangle her at any moment.A three will be fine, Jody said.A three might be a bit snug, the woman said.Thats the idea, Jody said. She smiled politely, imagining herself snatching out handfuls of the womans tastefully tinted hair.Now lets get the item number off of that, the woman said, making a show of holding the tag so that Jody could see the price. She sneaked a look for Jodys reaction.Hes paying, Jody said, just to be irritating. Its a gift.Oh, how nice, the woman said, trying to brighten, but obviously disgusted. Jody understood. half a dozen months ago she would have hated the kind of woman she was pretending to be. The woman said, This will be lovely for holiday parties.Actually, its for a bideral. Jody couldnt remember having this much fun while shopping.Oh, Im sorry. The woman looked apologetic and held her hands to her heart in sympathy.Its okay I didnt agnise the deceased very well.I see, the woman said.Jody lowered her eyes. His wife, she said. Ill get the dress, the woman said, turning and hurrying away.Tommy had only been in the Safeway once before when it was still open the day he applied for the job. Now it seemed entirely too active and entirely too quiet without the Stones or Pearl Jam blasting over the speakers. He felt that his territory had been somehow violated by strangers. He resented the customers who ruined the Animals work by taking things off the shelves.As he passed the office he nodded to the theatre director and headed to the breakroom to kill time until it was time to go to work. The breakroom was a windowless room behind the meat department, furnished with molded plastic chairs, a Formica folding table, a coffee machine, and a variety of sentry go posters. Tommy brushed some c rumbs off a chair, found a coffee-stained Readers Digest under an opened package of stale bear claws, and sat down to read and sulk.He read A Bears Got Mom Drama in Real Life and I Am Joes Duodenum and he was beginning to feel a pull toward the bathroom and the Midwest, both things he associated with Readers Digest, when he flipped to an article entitled Bats Our Wild and Wacky Winged Friends and felt his duodenum quiver with interest.Someone entered the breakroom, and without looking up, Tommy said, Did you know that if the brown bat fed on humans instead of insects, that one bat could eat the entire population of Minneapolis in one dark?I didnt know that, said a womans voice.Tommy looked up from the magazine to see the new cashier, Mara, pulling a chair out from the table. She was tall and a little thin, but large-breasted a blue-eyed blonde of about twenty. Tommy had been expecting one of the box boys and he stared at her for a second while he changed gears. Oh, hi. Im Tom Floo d. Im on the night crew.Ive seen you, she said. Im Mara. Im new.Tommy smiled. Nice to meet you. I came in a little early to catch up on some paperwork.Readers Digest? She raised an eyebrow.Oh, this? No, I dont unremarkably read it. I just spotted this article on bats and decided to check it out. Theyre our wild and wacky winged friends, you know? He looked at the page as if to confirm his interest. For instance, did you know that the vampire bat is the only mammal that has been successfully frozen and thawed out alive?Im sorry, bats soften me the creeps.Me too, Tommy said, throwing the magazine aside. Do you read?Ive been reading the Beats. I just moved here and I want to get a feeling for the Citys literature.Youre kidding. Ive only been here a few months myself. Its a great city.I havent had a chance to look around much. Moving and everything. I left a bad dapple back home and Ive been trying to adjust.She didnt look at him when she talked. Tommy assumed at first that it was be cause she found him disgusting, but after studying her he realized that she was just shy.Have you been to North Beach? The Beats all lived there in the fifties.No, I dont know my way around yet.Oh, you have to go to City Lights Books, and Enricos. And the exclude up there all have pictures of Kerouac and Ginsberg on the walls. You can almost hear the jazz playing.Mara finally looked up at him and smiled. Youre interested in the Beats? Her eyes were wide, bright, and crystal-blue. He liked her.Im a writer, Tommy said. It was his turn to look away. I mean, I want to be a writer. I used to live in Chinatown, its right next to North Beach.Maybe you could give me directions to some of the hot spots.I could show you, Tommy said. As soon as he said it he wanted to retract the offer. Jody would kill him.That would be wonderful, if you wouldnt mind. I dont know anyone in the City except the other cashiers, and they all have home lives.Tommy was confused. The manager had said that she had re cently lost a child. He assumed that she was married. He didnt want it to appear that he was trying to make a move on her. He didnt really want to make a move on her. But if he were still single, unattachedNo, Jody wouldnt understand. Having never had a girlfriend before, hed never been tempted to stray. He had no idea how to deal with it. He said, I could show you and your husband around a little and the two of you could have a night on the town.Im divorced, Mara said. I wasnt married very long.Im sorry, Tommy said.Mara shook her head as if to dismiss his sympathy. Its a short story. I got pregnant and we got married. The blow died and he left. She said it without feeling, as if she had distanced herself emotionally from the experience as if it had happened to someone else. Im trying to make a new start. She checked her watch. Id better get back up front. Ill see you.She stood and started to leave the room.Mara, Tommy called and she turned. Id love to show you around if youd li ke.Id like that. Thanks. Im working days for the rest of the week.No problem, Tommy said. How about tomorrow night? I dont have a car, but we can meet in North Beach at Enricos if you want.Write down the address. She took a slip of paper and a pen from her purse and handed it to him. He scribbled the address and handed it back to her.What time? she asked.Seven, I guess.Seven it is, she said, and left the breakroom.Tommy thought Im a dead man.Jody turned in front of the mirror, admiring the way the LED fit. It was cut down to the small of her back and had a neckline that plunged to the sternum, but was held together at her cleavage with a crystal clear black mesh. The saleswoman stood beside her, frowning, holding larger sizes of the same dress.Are you sure you dont want to try the five, dear?Jody said, No, this one is fine. Ill need some sheer black nylons to go with it.The saleswoman fought down a grimace and managed a professional smile. And do you have shoes to match?Suggestions ? Jody asked, not looking away from her reflection. She thought, I wouldnt have been caught dead in something like this a few months ago. Oh hell, Im caught dead in everything now.Jody laughed at the thought and the saleswoman took it personally and dropped her polite smile. An frame in of disgust in her voice, she said, I suppose you could complete the look with a pair of Italian fuck-me pumps and some maroon lipstick.Jody turned to the dowdy woman and gave her a knowing smile. Youve done this before, havent you?After a visit to the shoe department, Jody found herself at the cosmetics counter where an ebullient gay man talked her into doing her comments on the computer. He stared at the screen in disbelief.Oh my goodness. This is exciting.What? Jody said impatiently. She just wanted to buy some lipstick and get out. Shed satisfied her shopping Jones by reducing the woman in evening wear to tears.Youre my first winter, said Maurice. (His name was Maurice it said so on his badge.) You know, Ive done a thousand autumns, and I get springs out the yin-yang, but a winter We are going to have funMaurice began piling samples of eye shadow, lipstick, mascara, and powder on the counter next to the winter color palette. He opened a tube of mascara and held it next to Jodys face. This ones called Elm Blight, it approximates the color of dead trees in the snow. It complements your eyes wonderfully. Go ahead, dear, try it. patch Jody brushed the mascara onto her lashes, using the magnifying mirror on the counter, Maurice read from the Winter Womans profile.The Winter Woman is as wild as a blizzard, as fresh as new snow. While some see her as cold, she has a fiery heart under that ice-queen exterior. She likes the stark simplicity of Japanese art and the daring complexity of Russian literature. She prefers cracking to flowing lines, brooding to pouting, and rock and roll to country and western. Her drink is vodka, her car is German, her analgesic is Advil. The Winter Wom an likes her men weak and her coffee strong. She is prone to anemia, hysteria, and suicide. Maurice stepped back from the counter and took a deep bow, as if he had just finished a dramatic reading.Jody looked up from the mirror and blinked, the lashes on her right eye describing a starlike Clockwork Orange pattern against her pale skin. They can tell all of that from my coloring?Maurice nodded and brandished a sable brush. Here, dear, lets try some of this blush to bring up those cheekbones. Its called American Rust, it emulates the color of a 63 Rambler that has been driven on salted roads. Very winter.Jody leaned on the counter to allow Maurice access to her cheeks.A half hour later she looked in the mirror, rotated now to the non-magnified side, and pursed her lips. For the first time she really looked like a vampire.I wish we had a camera, Maurice gushed. You are a winter masterpiece. He handed her a small bag filled with cosmetics. That will be three hundred dollars.Jody paid him. Is there somewhere I can change? Id like to see how I look with my new outfit.Maurice pointed across the store. Theres a changing room over there. And dont forget your free gift, dear, the Needless Notions applications programme Collection, a fifty-dollar value. Maurice held up a plastic faux-Gucci gym bag full of bottles.Thanks. Jody took the bag and sulked off toward the changing room. Halfway across the store she picked up the good for you(p) of the dowdy saleswoman from evening wear and turned to see her talking to Maurice. Jody focused and could hear what they were saying over the crowd and Christmas Muzak.How did it go? asked the woman.Maurice grinned. She went away looking like a Donner Party Barbie.The woman and Maurice exchanged a gleeful high five.Bitches, Jody thought.